individually, then both eyes together. Do notallow the examinee to squint or tilt his head.With the graduation of the size of the lettersadvocated by Snellen, the visual acuity isexpressed according to his classical formula V =d/D, where “d” is the distance at which the lettersare read, is divided by “D” the distance at whichthe letters should be read. Then record thesmallest line read on the chart from the 20-footdistance as the vision; e.g., 20/20, 20/200.Jaeger CardsWhen the Armed Forces Vision Tester is notavailable, Jaeger cards are used to test near vision.There are six paragraphs on each card. Each paragraphis printed in a different size type and labeled as J-1 (thesmallest print size), J-2,..., up to J-6.When testing with these cards, you should hold thecard at a distance of 14 to 16 inches from the examineeand tell the examinee to read the paragraphs. Recordthe visual acuity as the smallest type he cancomfortably read and record the distance (e.g., J-2 at14 inches).NOTE:The distance of the card from theexaminee may be converted to centimeters,but ensure the results of the test are alsorecorded in centimeters. Consistency is thekey.Armed Forces Vision TesterThe Armed Forces Vision Tester (AFVT) is asemiportable machine that has the capability to testnear and distant visual acuity, horizontal and verticalphorias, and stereopsis (depth perception). It consistsof two rotating drums that hold illuminated slides. Thehandles on the side of the machine rotate the drums tochange the slides. A scoring key and instructionmanual are provided with the machine.COLOR VISION TESTINGThe Manual of the Medical Department requiresthat all applicants for the naval service receive a colorvision test. The Navy has two methods of testing colordiscrimination: the Farnsworth Lantern Test(FALANT) and the pseudoisochromatic plates (PIP).The FALANT is the preferred test, and in many cases itis the test prescribed by the MANMED as the onlyacceptable method for testing color vision.Farnsworth Lantern TestThe purpose of the Farnsworth Lantern Test is toevaluate color perception. The Farnsworth Lantern is amachine with a light source directed at the examinee.What the examinee sees is two lights in a verticalplane. These lights appear in two of three possiblecolors, either red, green, or white, shown in varyingcombinations. The examinee is asked to identify thecolor combinations from top to bottom at a distance of8 feet; the examiner rotates the drum to provide thedifferent combinations. The examinee must identify atotal of nine different combinations.On the first run of nine lights, if the examineecorrectly identifies all nine, the FALANT is passed. Ifthe examinee incorrectly identifies any of the lights,two additional runs of nine lights are performedwithout interruption. The score is the average numberof incorrectly identified lights of the second two runs.If the average score is 1 or less, the FALANT is passed.If the score is 2 or more, the FALANT is failed. If thescore is 1.5, the test should be repeated after a 5-minutebreak. Do not retest scores of 2 or more since this willinvalidate the test procedure.NOTE: If examinees wear corrective lensesfor distant vision, they should wear themduring this test.Pseudoisochromatic PlatesIf the FALANT is not available, pseudoiso-chromatic plates (PIP) are used to determine colorvision. Personnel so tested must be retested with theFALANT at the first activity they report to that has aFarnsworth Lantern. Two tests are available, the18-plate test and the 15-plate test, each of whichincludes one demonstration plate not used for scoring.When administering the PIP examination, youshould hold the plates 30 inches from the examinee.Allow 2 seconds for each plate identification, and donot allow the examinee to touch the plates. To pass the18-plate test, the examinee must identify a minimum of14 of the 17 test plates; for the 15-plate test, a minimumof 10 of the 14 test plates. Record the score in block 64of the SF 88 as PASSED PIP or FAILED PIP. Includethe number of correct responses (e.g., PASSED PIP 17of 17 or FAILED PIP 10 of 17).AUDIOGRAMAn audiogram is a record of hearing thresholds anindividual has for various sound frequencies. By11-11
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