stands erect with the arms hanging at the sides and thepalms of the hands turned forward (fig. 1-2).Other commonly used anatomical terms includethe following:Anterior or ventral—toward the front, or ventral(pertaining to the belly; abdomen), side of the body.Posterior or dorsal—toward the back, or rear,side of the body.Medial—near or toward the midline of the body.Lateral—farther away from the midline of thebody.Internal—inside.External—outside.Proximal—nearer the point of origin or closer tothe body.Distal—away from the point of origin or awayfrom the body.Superior—higher than or above.Cranial—toward the head.Caudal—toward the lower end of the body.Inferior—lower than or below.Erect—normal standing position of the body.Supine—lying position of the body, face up.Prone—lying position of the body, face down.Lateral recumbent—lying position of the bodyon either side.Peripheral—the outward part or surface of astructure.CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVINGMATTERLEARNING OBJECTIVE:Identify thecharacteristics of living matter.All living things, animals and plants, areorganisms that undergo chemical processes by whichthey sustain life and regenerate cells. The differencebetween animals and plants is that animals havesensations and the power of voluntary movement, andthey require oxygen and organic food. On the otherhand, plants require only carbon dioxide and inorganicmatter for food and have neither voluntary movementnor special sensory organs.In man, some of the characteristic functionsnecessary for survival include digestion, metabolism,and homeostasis. Digestion involves the physical andchemical breakdown of the food we eat into itssimplest forms. Metabolism is the process ofabsorption, storage, and use of these foods for bodygrowth, maintenance, and repair. Homeostasis is thebody's self-regulated control of its internalenvironment. It allows the organism to maintain a stateof constancy or equilibrium, in spite of vast changes inthe external environment.THE CELLLEARNING OBJECTIVE:Identify theparts of the cell and their functions.The cell, the smallest unit of life, is the basicstructural unit of all living things and a functional unitall by itself. Cells are composed of a viscid, jellylikesubstance, called protoplasm, upon which depend allthe vital functions of nutrition, secretion, growth,1-2Figure 1-2.—Anatomical position.
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